St Andrew

C13 aisles.

Eastern two bays of South aisle widened C14.

Chancel rebuilt late C14, North aisle widened

South porch added or rebuilt C15.

South chancel chapel C16 in origin, rebuilt in the C19.

Dressings of the late C11

C12 work are largely Roman brick, the other dressings are limestone and clunch.

Tile roofs except for lead on North aisle.

The central tower is of three stages and has an embattled parapet with C17 brick coping and a pyramidal cap.

The lower half of the tower is C11 or very early C12, and has a narrow, round-headed window partly built of Roman brick in the North and South faces.

A C19 door in the South West angle leading to the internal tower stair replaces a round headed C11 or C12 doorway with chamfered imposts.

The top of the tower was added in the later C12 and has in each face a window two lights below a tympanum within a pointed headed outer opening.

The C14 chancel has a reticulated East window and small trefoiled lights with square heads in both North and South walls.

There is also a three-light C15 window in the North side.

The late C16 South (Sussex) chancel chapel was largely rebuilt in the C19, when it was made considerably shorter on its west side, and has single light windows in the East and West walls and a two-light window in the South wall.

The North aisle is C15 and has large, three light windows with vertical tracery

A building break in the North aisle West wall indicates the extent of the original early C13 aisle.

The large nave West window is late C15 and has five foiled lights with transoms and vertical tracery in a four-centred head.

The western two bays are C12.

Very narrow, this section has a late C12 or early C13 West window.

The eastern two bays, to the East of the porch, were rebuilt in the C14 and have heavily or entirely renewed flint walling with stone banding, and two-light early C14 style windows in the South wall

The South porch was partially rebuilt in white brick in the mid C19, but the East and West side walls have six, C15 cinquefoiled lights with timber mullions

The porch roof is also C15 and has moulded wall plate and cornice with a central purlin with craved braces.

The South door has C13 chamfered jambs.

INTERIOR The four-bay North and South nave arcades are early C13 and have one chamfered order on octagonal piers with moulded capitals and bases.

A blocked C15 or early C16 door led from the tower stair to a former rood loft.

The eastern two bays only of the South aisle were widened in the early C14

a contemporary half-arch in the South aisle against the central pier marks the transition to the narrower, C13 western bays.

There are two South doors in the narrower section, one the C13 South door, the other is an early C20 door to the West of the main South door that leads to the South West vestry.

The western arch of the central tower is C14, and of three chamfered orders on octagonal responds.

Above it is the remains of a taller, narrower round-headed arch of the late C11 or early C12 of mixed brick and stone voussoirs.

To the left (North) of the chancel arch, below the East corbel of the North arcade, there is a partial, round-headed recess of mixed Roman brick and stone that formerly held a nave altar beside the narrower, former West tower arch.

It preserves the remains of its original altar slab, and a small C14 piscina indicates the continued presence of an altar here after the construction of the chancel arch.

The round-headed eastern tower arch is also late C11 or early C12 and is entirely of brick, though of an apparently different construction to the West arch.

There is a blocked late C11 or early C12 door with a round head with radial voussoirs and chamfered imposts in the tower that formerly led to the tower stair, and there are high level doors in both the East and West faces of the tower, both with stone jambs and Roman brick arches.

The chancel was rebuilt in the C14 and has a C14 string course around the inside.

The late C16 Sussex chapel was almost entirely rebuilt in the C19 and is dominated by the huge monument to the Earls of Sussex.

PRINCIPAL FIXTURES Early C14 font, hexagonal with deeply sunk, gabled trefoil panels around the tall bowl, which sits directly on a moulded base.

C14 piscina with a cusped ogee head to the North of the western tower arch.

The screen under the eastern tower arch and that enclosing an area at the West end of the North aisle are made up from fragments of C15 screenwork

A few fragments of C14 glass in Sussex chapel South window, and some good C19 glass.

Tilework reredos of the C19 with similar tiling on the base of the font.

Medieval wall painting of false ashlar and geometric designs in the chancel, with a band of C19 floral banding below it.

C19 lectern with carved figures of the Evangelists.

C19 geometric tile paving in the chancel.

Monuments: In the Sussex chapel, three excellent recumbent figures in armour on a single tomb chest for the first three Earls of Sussex, d. 1542, 1567 and 1583, by Richard Stevens of Southwark, 1587-9.

Brass for Alse Byng, d. 1573, a palimpsest, the reverse C15.

Many, mostly C19 wall monuments in the nave and chancel.

Four C18 hatchments, and some ledger slabs in the floor.

Roofs: South porch roof C15

North aisle roof C15 at the East end with some replacement timber at West end.

On the other hand, the differences in construction techniques between the East and West tower arches may suggest that the base of the tower was originally the C11 chancel

that it was raised when the chancel was added, perhaps in the early C12.

The upper part of tower was added in the later C12,

the aisles in the early C13.

The position of the former altar niche to the left of the West tower arch indicates that the C13 arcade was built inside the line of the walls of the wider Norman nave rather than being punched through the nave walls as was often done.

Only the eastern two bays of the South aisle were widened in the early C14.

The chancel was rebuilt and probably extended in the later C14,

the North aisle was widened in the C15 when the nave West window was also installed and the South porch added or rebuilt.

The South chancel (Sussex) chapel was added in the later C16 and was originally longer towards the West.

SOURCES Bettley, J and Pevsner, N., Buildings of England: Essex , 153-4 Smith, W J T. Throughout the Ages: St Andrew's, Boreham, Essex RCHME Essex II , 22-4 REASONS FOR DESIGNATION The Church of St Andrew, Boreham, is designated at Grade I for the following principal reasons: * Parish church, C11 in origin, with a central tower with very high, narrow W tower arch.

C13 aisles

C14 chancel. * Surviving C12 nave altar niche with partial altar slab surviving. * Good C14 font. * Excellent Sussex monuments. * Unusual C19 timber framed porch extension.